Exploración comparada de los modelos mediáticos y la cobertura de la eutanasia en Portugal y el Reino Unido
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.30678Palabras clave:
Eutanasia, culturas periodísticas, modelos mediáticos, cobertura informativa, Portugal, Reino UnidoResumen
Propósito. Analizar comparativamente la cobertura informativa de la eutanasia en Portugal y el Reino Unido entre 2016 y 2024 para identificar diferencias estructurales y culturales derivadas de sus respectivos modelos mediáticos. Metodología. Se aplicó un análisis de contenido a 1.731 noticias publicadas en las plataformas digitales de Expresso, Público, The Guardian y The Telegraph. Se examinaron variables como autoría, género periodístico, extensión, tema, alcance geográfico, uso y rol de las fuentes, grado de explicación y contextualización. Se emplearon pruebas estadísticas con 5.000 muestras bootstrap. Resultados y conclusiones. Aunque los medios portugueses utilizaron más agencias de noticias y se centraron en temas políticos y nacionales, no se detectaron diferencias significativas en la cantidad media de noticias ni en el grado de contextualización o explicación terminológica. Los resultados validan parcialmente los modelos de sistemas mediáticos de Hallin y Mancini (2004) y la teoría de las culturas periodísticas (Hanitzsch, 2007), sugiriendo que la sensibilidad temática y las rutinas profesionales pueden relativizar las estructuras sistémicas. Aportación original. Este estudio ofrece un enfoque empírico y comparativo replicable que integra los niveles macro (sistemas mediáticos) y meso (culturas periodísticas) para comprender cómo los factores estructurales y culturales condicionan la cobertura de cuestiones éticamente controvertidas.
Financiación
La investigación fue financiada por la Fundación Portuguesa para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), con ROR https://doi.org/10.54499/2023.04877.BD, en la convocatoria “Concurso Bolsas de Doutoramento 2023 – Linha de Candidatura Geral” (Concurso Bolsas de Doutoramento 2023 – Línea de candidatura general) del año 2023, con códigos de referencias 2023.04877.BD y UIDB/03126/2020 y título de proyecto “Aversion2agony: A cross-national comparative analysis of journalistic mediation of euthanasia in Portugal and the United Kingdom” (Aversión a la agonía: Un análisis comparativo transnacional de la mediación periodística de la eutanasia en Portugal y el Reino Unido).Citas
Banerjee, Albert, & Birenbaum-Carmeli, Daphna (2007). Ordering suicide: media reporting of family assisted suicide in Britain. Journal of medical ethics, 33(11), 639–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2007.020776
Clarke, Jennifer (2025). How could assisted dying laws change? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y5d2g3wgxo
Cushion, Stephen, Lewis, Justin, & Callaghan, Robert (2017). Data journalism, impartiality and statistical claims: Towards more independent scrutiny in news reporting. Journalism Practice, 11(10), 1198–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1256789
Booth, Amanda, & Blake, Denise (2022) Assisted dying in the Aotearoa New Zealand media: a critical discourse analysis. Mortality, 27(1), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2020.1823355
Brahde, Rebecca (2024). Legislative council progresses assisted dying bill. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj3131yvp5no
Bray, Freddie, Laversanne, Mathieu, Sung, Hyuna, Ferlay, Jacques, Siegel, Rebecca, Soerjomataram, Isabelle, & Jemal, Ahmedin (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Ca: a cancer journal for clinicians, 74(3), 229–263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
Brüggemann, Michael, Engesser, Sven, Büchel, Florin, Humprecht, Edda, & Castro, Laia (2014). Hallin and Mancini revisited: four empirical types of western media systems. Journal of communication, 64(6), 1037–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12127
Bruns, Axel (2018). Gatewatching and news curation: journalism, social media, and the public sphere. Peter Lang.
Carrapatoso, Catarina Silva, & Sampaio, Gonçalo (2022). Cancro: uma doença de crescimento inevitável, mas não uma “sentença de morte”. JPN. https://www.jpn.up.pt/2022/03/17/cancro-uma-doenca-de-crescimento-inevitavel-mas-nao-uma-sentenca-de-morte/
Chen, Xueming, Liu, Tour, Li, Peng, Wei, Wanshu, & Chao, Miao (2022). The relationship between media involvement and death anxiety of self-quarantined people in the COVID-19 outbreak in China: the mediating roles of empathy and sympathy. Omega —journal of death and dying, 85(4) 974-989. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820960283
Costa, Bruno Frutuoso, Azevedo, Joana, Bernardes, Sónia, & Garcia-Blanco, Inãki (In press). Journalism and euthanasia: A scoping review of the literature. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying.
Costa, Bruno Frutuoso, Azevedo, Joana, Bernardes, Sónia, & Garcia-Blanco, Inãki (2026). Mediation and mediatisation of death and dying: a scoping review of the literature based on a decolonial perspective. In P. Pentaris, S. Pitsillides, & H. Ghorbani (Eds.), Decolonising of Death Studies. Routledge.
Costa, Bruno Frutuoso (2025). Euthanasia in Portugal and the United Kingdom: a comparative analysis of attitudes Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, (107), 149-173. https://doi.org/10.7458/SPP202510734619
Costa, Bruno Frutuoso, & Antunes, Eduardo (2024). Dinâmicas sociais no Facebook: Análise de comentários em conteúdos jornalísticos sobre a suposta tentativa de ataque terrorista à FCUL. Observatorio (OBS*), 18(1), 126-150. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS18120242348
Costa, Bruno Frutuoso (2021). Liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio: Consequências para o campo jornalístico. Media XXI.
Crumley, Ellen, Sheppard, Caroline, Bowden, Chantelle, & Nelson, Gregg (2019). Canadian French and English newspapers’ portrayals of physicians’ role and medical assistance in dying (MAiD) from 1972 to 2016: a qualitative textual analysis. Bmj open, 9(4), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020369
De Hert, Marc, Thys, Erik, Catthoor, Kirsten, Van den Broeck, Kris, Matthys, Frieda, Vansteelandt, Kristof, & Detraux, Johan (2023). Media coverage of Belgium’s first criminal case concerning euthanasia for psychiatric patients: a content analysis of Flemish newspapers and magazines. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1050086
de la Mata, Daniel, Guede, José, & Sebastián, María (2024). Hallin and Mancini: Two Decades of Influence in Politics and Communications. Media and Communication, 12, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.7695
Efron, Bradley & Tibshirani, Robert (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Esser, Frank, & Umbricht, Andrea (2013). Competing models of journalism? Political affairs coverage in US, British, German, Swiss, French and Italian newspapers. Journalism, 14(8), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913482551
Fonseca, Isadora de Ataíde (2024). Captured by Elites: The Portuguese Media System in Liberalism (1820–1926). Central European Journal of Communication, 17(2), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.51480/1899-5101.17.2(36).571
Francis, Sam (2024). Starmer sticks by promise of assisted dying free vote. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0857z0v5no
Garcia-Blanco, Iñaki, & Bennett, Lucy (2021). Between a ‘media circus’ and ‘seeing justice being done’: Metajournalistic discourse and the transparency of justice in the debate on filming trials in British newspapers. Journalism, 22(1), 176-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918760025
Gomes, Barbara, Pinheiro, Maria João, Lopes, Sílvia, Brito, Maja, Sarmento, Vera, Ferreira, Pedro, & Barros, Henrique (2018). Risk factors for hospital death in conditions needing palliative care: nationwide population-based death certificate study. Palliative medicine, 32(4), 891-901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317743961
Hallin, Daniel, & Mancini, Paolo (2004). Comparing media systems. Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, Daniel, & Mancini, Paolo (2012). Comparing media systems beyond the Western world. Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, Daniel, & Mancini, Paolo (2016). Ten years after comparing media systems: what have we learned? Political communication, 34(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1233158
Han, Sam (2019). “He died as he lived”: biopolitical mediatization in the death of David Goodall. Religions, 10(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10100566
Hanitzsch, Thomas (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: toward a universal theory. Communication theory, 17(4), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00303.x
Hanusch, Folker, & Hanitzsch, Thomas (2017). Comparing journalistic cultures across nations: what we can learn from the Worlds of Journalism Study. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1280229
Harcup, Tony, & O’Neill, Deirdre (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700118449
Harrison, Jackie (2019). The civil power of the news. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hayes, Andrew, & Krippendorff, Klaus (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication methods and measures, 1(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450709336664
Herrero, Laia, Humprecht, Edda, Engesser, Sven, Brüggemann, Michael, & Büchel, Florin (2017). Rethinking Hallin and Mancini beyond the west: an analysis of media systems in Central and Eastern Europe. International Journal of Communication, 11(27), 4797–4823. http://ijoc.org./index.php/ijoc/article/view/6035/2196
Hildén, Hanna-Mari, & Honkasalo, Marja-Liisa (2006). Unethical bunglers or humane professionals? Discussions in the media of end-of-life treatment decisions. Communication & medicine, 3(2), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1515/CAM.2006.015
Humanes, María Luisa, Nicolás, Manuel Martínez, & Lapiedra, Enric Saperas (2013). Periodismo político en España. Prácticas, roles y actitudes. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 19(2), 715-731. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.n2.43467
Jaye, Chrystal, Lomax-Sawyers, Isabelle, Young, Jessica, & Egan, Richard (2021). The people speak: social media on euthanasia/assisted dying. Medical humanities, 47(1), 47-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011565
Kaiser, Johannes, & Königslöw, Katharina Kleinen-von (2019). Partisan journalism and the issue framing of the Euro crisis: Comparing political parallelism of German and Spanish online news. Journalism, 20(2), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916683548
Khoo, Guan Soon (2018). From terror to transcendence: death reflection promotes preferences for human drama. Media psychology, 21(4), 719-749. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1338965
Krippendorff, Klaus (2019). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Sage.
Labio-Bernal, Aurora, Rubira-García, Rainer, & Pocevicienė, Rasa (2024). Comparing Media Systems: A New Critical Academic Reading. Media and Communication, 12, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.8357
Lauffer, Kimberly, & Baker, Sean (2020). U.S. media coverage of Brittany Maynard’s choice to die: how ideology and framing converged. Atlantic journal of communication, 28(3), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2019.1616739
Lei n.º 22/2023 (2023). Diário da República n.º 101/2023. I Série. https://files.dre.pt/1s/2023/05/10100/0001000020.pdf
Macharia, Sarah (Ed.) (2020). Who makes the news? 6th Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP). World Association for Christian Communication.
Mancini, Paolo (2012). Media Fragmentation, party system, and democracy. The international journal of press/politics, 18(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212458200
Marie Curie (2023). How many people need palliative care? Updated estimates of palliative care need across the UK, 2017-2021. Marie Curie.
Marzi, Giacomo, Balzano, Marco, & Marchiori, Davide (2024). K-alpha calculator — Krippendorff's alpha calculator: a user-friendly tool for computing Krippendorff's alpha inter-rater reliability coefficient. MethodsX, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102545
Matthews, Jamie (2021). ‘News narratives across borders: The convergence of interests and patterns of meaning in international media coverage of disaster’. In H. Jonsson, L. Berg, C. Edfeldt, & B. Jansson (Eds.), Narratives Crossing Borders: The Dynamics of Cultural Interaction (pp. 207-225). Stockholm University Press.
Mattoni, Alice, & Ceccobelli, Diego (2018). Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis. European Journal of Communication, 33(5), 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118784831
McCombs, Maxwell, & Shaw, Donald (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
Jang, Mo (2019). Mass shootings backfire: the boomerang effects of death concerns on policy attitudes. Media psychology, 22(2), 298-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1421471
Marques, Paulo, Rêgo, Francisca, & Nunes, Rui (2023). Palliative care in Portugal — from intention to reality, what is yet to be accomplished. Nursing reports, 13(4), 1477-1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13040124
Newman, Nic, Arguedas, Amy Ross, Robertson, Craig, Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis, & Fletcher, Richard (2025). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2025. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://www.rte.ie/documents/news/2025/06/digital-news-report-2025.pdf
Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos, & Miconi, Andrea (2023). Introduction. In S. Papathanassopoulos & A. Miconi (Eds), The media systems in Europe (pp. 1-13). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32216-7_1
Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos, Giannouli, Iliana, & Archontaki, Ioanna (2023). The media in southern Europe: continuities, changes and challenges. In S. Papathanassopoulos & A. Miconi (Eds), The media systems in Europe (pp. 133-162). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32216-7_6
Pasquali, Francesca., Bartoletti, Roberta, & Giannini, Lorenzo (2022). “You’re just playing the victim”: online grieving and the non-use of social media in Italy. Social media and society, 8(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221138757
Pollock, John, & Yulis, Spiro (2004). Nationwide newspaper coverage of physician-assisted suicide: a community structure approach. Journal of health communication, 9(4), 281-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730490468360
Racine, E., Amaram, R., Seidler, M., Karczewska, M., & Illes, J. (2008). Media coverage of the persistent vegetative state and end-of-life decision-making. Neurology, 71(13), 1027-1032. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000320507.64683.ee
Rahimian, Zahra, Rahimian, Leila, Lopez-Castroman, Jorge, Ostovarfar, Jeyran, Fallahi, Mohammad, Nayeri, Mohammad, & Vardanjani, Hossein (2024). What medical conditions lead to a request for euthanasia? A rapid scoping review. Health science reports, 7(3), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1978
Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 129/2001 (2001). Diário da República. I série B. https://data.diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/resolucao-conselho-ministros/129-2001-516551
Santos, Bruno Rui (2024). The Guardian Researchers. An application for automated data retrieval on the journal. Github. https://github.com/DKZPT/TheGuardian-script-for-researchers
Saunders, Dame (2008). End of Life Care Strategy. Promoting High Quality Care for All Adults at the End of Life. National Health Care.
Sarmiento-Medina, Pedro José, García-Medina, Diana Patricia, Garzón-González, Carlos Julio, Castillo-Merchán, Laura Juliana, Correal-Neira, Karen, & Celis-Pedraza, Diego Andrés (2019). Medios de comunicación y eutanasia en Colombia: análisis de contenido y categorización argumentativa. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 67(2), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v67n2.68645
Schudson, Michael (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
Smittenaar, C. R., Petersen, K. A., Stewart, K. Moitt, N. (2016). Cancer incidence and mortality projections in the UK until 2035. British journal of cancer, 115(9), 1147–1155. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.304
Singer, Jane (2011). Journalism and digital technologies. In W. Lowrey & P. J. Gade (Eds.), Changing the news: the forces shaping journalism in uncertain times (pp. 213-229). Routledge.
Smer (2024). Assisted Dying: an International Survey. Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics.
Trappel, Josef, & Tomaz, Tales (2021). Democratic performance of news media: Dimensions and indicators for comparative studies. In J. Trappel & T. Tales (Eds.), The media for democracy monitor 2021: How leading news media survive digital transformation (Vol. 1, pp. 11–58). University of Gothenburg.
Tuchman, Gaye (1978). Making news: a Study in the Construction of Reality. Free Press.
Valery, Lekhan (2024). Retrospective analysis of the construction of the national system of hospice and palliative care in Great Britain. Inter collegas, 11(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.35339/ic.11.1.lvm
Van Aelst, Peter, & Walgrave, Stefaan (2011). Minimal or Massive? The Political Agenda-Setting Power of the Mass Media According to Different Methods. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(3), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211406727
Van Brussel, Leen, Van Landeghem, Paul, & Cohen, Joachim (2014). Media coverage of medical decision making at the end of life: a Belgian case study. Death studies, 38(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2012.738766
Van Brussel, Leen (2018). The right to die: a Belgian case study combining reception studies and discourse theory. Media, culture & society, 40(3), 381-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717718255
Van Gorp, Baldwin, Olthuis, Gert, Vandekeybus, Anneleen, & van Gurp, Jelle (2021). Frames and counter-frames giving meaning to palliative care and euthanasia in the Netherlands. BMC palliative care, 20(79), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-021-00772-9
Walsh, Fergus (2024). How assisted dying has spread across the world and how laws differ. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1dpwg1lq9yo
Weicht, Bernhard, & Forchtner, Bernhard (2023). Negotiating euthanasia: civil society contesting “the completed life”. Current sociology, 71(3), 432-449. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211048525
Wilcox, Rand (2013). Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
Xu, Zhe, & Zhang, Mengrong (2023). How news media visually dehumanize victims of humanitarian crises through framing disparities: A quantitative comparative analysis. International Communication Gazette, 86(8), 633-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485231216583
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2018 Bruno-Frutuoso Costa, Sónia-F. Bernardes, Joana Azevedo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los autores y autoras que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
1 Derechos de autor. Los autores y autoras conservan sus derechos de autor, aunque ceden a la revista de forma no exclusiva los derechos de explotación (reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación) y garantizan a esta el derecho de primera publicación de su trabajo, el cual estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia indicada en punto 2. Los autores pueden establecer otros acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista, siempre que exista un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
© Los autores.
2 Licencia. Los trabajos se publican en la revista sujetos a la licencia de Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0); los términos se pueden consultar en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Esta licencia permite a terceros compartir (copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato) y adaptar (remezclar, transformar y crear a partir del material para cualquier finalidad, incluso comercial), siempre que se reconozca la autoría y la primera publicación en esta revista (Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación (RMC) / Mediterranean Journal of Communication (MJC), Universidad de Alicante, DOI de la obra), se proporcione un enlace a la licencia y se indique si se han realizado cambios en la obra.
3 Política de autoarchivo. Se recomienda a los autores que difundan sus trabajos a través de Internet para favorecer una circulación y difusión más rápidas y, con ello, un posible aumento en la citación y alcance entre la comunidad científica y académica, en las siguientes condiciones:
No se permite a los autores depositar en un repositorio institucional o temático, página web propia, etc., las versiones preprint (versión antes de ser evaluada) o postprint (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus trabajos antes de su publicación, pero sí el artículo final publicado (versión del editor).
